Air pollution has become one of the most alarming environmental threats in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Over the years, Dhaka has frequently topped the list of the most polluted cities in the world, with the level of particulate matter in the air often reaching hazardous levels. This persistent air quality crisis not only affects the health and well-being of the city’s over 20 million residents but also reflects the broader challenges of urban planning, industrial regulation, and public awareness in Bangladesh.

The Severity of the Crisis

According to the Air Quality Index (AQI), Dhaka often records air quality levels that fall under the “unhealthy” or “very unhealthy” categories, especially during the dry season between November and March. During this period, dust particles, construction activities, vehicle emissions, and brick kiln operations significantly deteriorate air quality. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a PM2.5 level of no more than 10 micrograms per cubic meter as an annual average. However, in Dhaka, this level often exceeds 100 micrograms during peak pollution periods.

Health experts warn that prolonged exposure to such high levels of air pollution can cause serious health issues, including respiratory infections, cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and even premature death. Children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions are particularly vulnerable. Hospitals in Dhaka have reported an increase in the number of patients suffering from asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory ailments during the winter months.

Main Causes of Air Pollution in Dhaka

1. Vehicular Emissions

The rapid growth in the number of vehicles in Dhaka has significantly contributed to the city’s worsening air quality. Many of these vehicles are outdated and poorly maintained, emitting high levels of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and other harmful pollutants. Traffic congestion, a common problem in Dhaka, causes vehicles to remain idle for long periods, further adding to the pollution.
2. Construction Activities

The booming construction sector in Dhaka is another major source of air pollution. From large infrastructure projects to private real estate developments, construction sites generate a huge amount of dust and particulate matter. Often, these activities are carried out without proper dust control measures, such as covering materials or watering down surfaces.

3. Brick Kilns

Brick kilns, especially those surrounding Dhaka, are significant contributors to air pollution. These kilns typically use low-grade coal or wood as fuel and operate with outdated technology, releasing large quantities of smoke and fine particles into the air. Despite regulatory efforts, many kilns continue to operate illegally or without following environmental standards.

4. Industrial Emissions

Industries located in and around Dhaka often release pollutants into the air without adequate filtration or control. Factories producing cement, textiles, and chemicals are particularly notorious for their contributions to the city’s air pollution. A lack of enforcement of environmental regulations further aggravates the problem.

5. Household Sources

In many low-income areas, people rely on burning wood, charcoal, or other solid fuels for cooking. These activities release smoke and particulate matter, especially in areas with poor ventilation. Although this source contributes less to the city’s overall pollution levels, it poses serious health risks to the families involved.

6. Seasonal Factors

During the dry season, the lack of rain and wind causes pollutants to linger in the air for longer periods. Additionally, the use of fire for clearing agricultural lands in nearby districts can increase the concentration of fine particles in Dhaka’s air.

Consequences of Air Pollution

Health Impacts

The most immediate and dangerous impact of air pollution is on human health. According to the Department of Environment (DoE) and various health institutions, thousands of people in Dhaka suffer from pollution-related illnesses each year. Children are particularly affected, with increased cases of asthma, reduced lung function, and developmental issues.

Economic Losses

Air pollution also has significant economic implications. The cost of healthcare rises due to an increased burden on hospitals and clinics. Productivity is reduced as more people fall sick and miss work. According to a World Bank report, air pollution-related health problems cost the Bangladesh economy billions of taka annually.

Environmental Degradation

Air pollution contributes to environmental degradation by affecting plant life, reducing visibility, and causing acid rain. Polluted air can damage crops, reduce agricultural productivity, and lead to long-term ecological imbalances.

Solutions and Recommendations

Addressing the air pollution crisis in Dhaka requires a coordinated effort from the government, private sector, and general public. The following steps could play a crucial role in mitigating the problem:

1. Strengthening Vehicle Emission Standards

Implementing stricter emission standards and phasing out old, polluting vehicles should be a priority. Regular emissions testing and enforcement of compliance can significantly reduce vehicular pollution. Encouraging the use of electric or hybrid vehicles could also provide long-term benefits.

2. Regulation of Construction Activities

The government should enforce stricter regulations on construction sites, requiring the use of dust control measures. Developers should be mandated to use protective coverings, install dust barriers, and regularly sprinkle water to minimize dust.

3. Modernizing Brick Kilns

Transitioning to cleaner technologies, such as Hybrid Hoffman Kilns (HHK) or Vertical Shaft Brick Kilns (VSBK), can drastically reduce emissions from brick kilns. Providing incentives and technical support to kiln owners for upgrading their facilities is essential.

4. Industrial Pollution Control

Industrial units must be required to install proper filtration and emission control systems. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) should be mandatory for all new industrial projects. Regular inspections and penalties for non-compliance are also necessary.

5. Promoting Clean Energy for Households

Subsidizing cleaner cooking fuels, such as LPG or biogas, can reduce household emissions. Public awareness campaigns can educate people on the health risks of traditional cooking methods and encourage the shift to cleaner alternatives.

6. Urban Greenery and Air Quality Monitoring

Increasing the number of trees and green spaces in Dhaka can help absorb pollutants and improve air quality. Establishing a comprehensive air quality monitoring network can provide real-time data to inform policy decisions and public health advisories.

7. Public Awareness and Education

Educating the public about the causes and effects of air pollution is crucial. Media campaigns, school programs, and community outreach can play a vital role in changing behaviors and building public support for pollution control measures.

Government Initiatives

The Government of Bangladesh has taken some steps to address air pollution, including the Clean Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE) project and various regulatory measures under the Department of Environment. However, implementation remains a major challenge due to limited resources, bureaucratic delays, and lack of coordination among agencies.

To make real progress, a comprehensive National Air Quality Strategy should be developed, with clear targets, timelines, and accountability mechanisms. Collaboration with international organizations and neighboring countries can also help in adopting best practices and securing financial and technical support.

The air pollution crisis in Dhaka is a complex issue with far-reaching consequences. It affects not only the health of its citizens but also the economic and environmental sustainability of the city. Addressing this crisis requires urgent and sustained action from all levels of society. By combining regulatory reforms, technological innovations, and public participation, it is possible to improve air quality in Dhaka and ensure a healthier, more livable city for future generations.

The time to act is now. With collective effort and strong political will, Dhaka can overcome this crisis and set an example for other urban centers in South Asia and beyond.